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  • https://ukrayinska.libretexts.org/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83_(Tokmakoff)/09%3A_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8/9.02%3A_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0
    Для статистичної суміші при тепловій рівновазі окремі молекули можуть займати розподіл енергетичних станів.
  • https://ukrayinska.libretexts.org/%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%3A_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(Boundless)/14%3A_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0/14.1%3A_%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF
    Робота, що виконується замкнутою системою, - це енергія, що передається іншій системі, яка вимірюється механічними обмеженнями на системі.
  • https://ukrayinska.libretexts.org/%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%3A_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(Boundless)/12%3A_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F/12.7%3A_%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8
    Закон нульового термодинаміки стверджує, що системи в тепловій рівновазі знаходяться при однаковій температурі.
  • https://ukrayinska.libretexts.org/%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%3A_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_(Arovas)/04%3A_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96/4.03%3A_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0
    \[\begin{align} S\ns{_{\ssr{NR}}}&=\half Nd\,\kB\ln\!\bigg({E\over N}\bigg) + N\kB\ln\!\bigg({V\over N}\bigg) + { const.}\\ S\ns_{\ssr{UR}}&=Nd\,\kB\ln\!\bigg({E\over N}\bigg) + N\kB\ln\!\bigg({V\over...S\ns\ssrNR=\halfNd\kBln(EN)+N\kBln(VN)+const.S\ns\ssrUR=Nd\kBln(EN)+N\kBln(VN)+const. . lnP\ns1(E1+\RDeltaE\ns1)=lnP\ns1(E1)+12\kB\pz2S\ns1\pzE21|\ndE1(\RDeltaE\ns1)2+12\kB\pz2S\ns2\pzE22|\ndE2(\RDeltaE\ns1)2+ ,
  • https://ukrayinska.libretexts.org/%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%3A_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(Boundless)/13%3A_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0/13.1%3A_%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF
    Тепло - це вимірна форма енергії, яка може передаватися від одного тіла до іншого; це не речовина.